Wednesday, June 18, 2014

Final Thoughts

So the semester has finally come to a close...  I have learned a lot of valuable and interesting information that I will take with me and utilize in my future classroom.  It was great learning about all of the different theories of learning and research in childhood development.  Ideas like Vygotsky's zone of proximal development and Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence are great theories that I plan in incorporating into my future classroom.  I have pushed myself to learn about new internet tools, technology, teaching strategies, theories, and ideas that I am very grateful for.  It has been a great experience and I am proud of the work that I have completed and finished.  You can hear some more about what I would like my future classroom to look like here.

 


Sunday, June 15, 2014

Great posts from some of my peers

I found some really great posts on some of my peers blogs.  Check out some of my responses to their posts below!






Saturday, June 14, 2014

Assessing Myself



Here are the results of my pre and post tests for each cluster of the textbook.  Prior to reading each cluster, I would take the pretest to assess my knowledge, and then I would read the chapter and retake the pretest.  After I felt confident with my pretest score, I would then take the posttest.  The questions were in multiple choice format and I felt that they really helped to test my knowledge and understanding of what I had read.  Sometimes I would have to go back and look at the textbook, look up a definition, or stop and think for a minute in order to figure out the answer.  I found the pre and post tests to be a great way for me to test my understanding and comprehension of the clusters.  A lot of the clusters had challenging post test questions.  Some of the pre-test questions for chapters in which I had some background knowledge of the topics were easier to answer.  I especially like the tests for cluster 15 pertaining to assessment.  Assessment is an area that I have struggled with.  I was always unsure as to which types of assessments were best, and how to use rubrics and grading systems.  Cluster 15 really helped clarify this for me and gave me some great ideas that I will use in my future classroom.   I struggled with the pretest for cluster 10. Generally, I was able to retake the pretest after reading the cluster to improve my score; however, the system would not allow me to do that for cluster 10.  I am disappointed in my pretest score, but I know that it would have been higher if I had read the cluster prior to taking the test. Overall, the pre and post tests helped me to better comprehend what I had read and put my new knowledge to the test.

Cluster
Pretest Score
Posttest Score
Cluster 1
12/12 points
100%
11/12 points
91.7%
Cluster 2
10/10 points
100%
10/10 points
100%
Cluster 3
12/12 points
100%
12/12 points
100%
Cluster 4
18/18 points
100%
14/16 points
87.5%
Cluster 5
10/14 points
71.4%
12/14 points
100%
Cluster 6
8/9 points
88.9%
10/11 points
90.9%
Cluster 7
14/15 points
93.3%
13/14 points
92.9%
Cluster 8
12/12 points
100%
12/12 points
100%
Cluster 9
11/12 points
91.7%
12/12 points
100%
Cluster 10
3/12 points
33%
12/12 points
100%
Cluster 11

11/11 points
100%
9/9 points
100%
Cluster 12
18/18 points
100%
17/17 points
100%
Cluster 13
10/10 points
100%
10/10 points
100%
Cluster 14
12/12 points
100%
12/12 points
100%
Cluster 15
20/20 points
100%
20/21 points
95.2%

Questioning in the Classroom

There are many types of questions that can be asked in the classroom to foster and build upon student learning.  Anita Woolfolk (2013) identifies may types of questioning that can be used in the classroom.  The framework of these questions can be categorized according to Bloom's taxonomy of objectives.  The types of questions can range from assessing knowledge or comprehensions to evaluation.  


Check out this video that talks about how to use effective questioning in the classroom and how to ask good questions.


Fieldwork Thoughts

Task:

Observe your fieldwork classroom and determine what elements/principles of constructivist practice you see.  Jot down your observations and reflect on the findings
 explained to me that for the children's center work they work in in small groups about 3-4 days a week.  During their centers, the student's work together to solve problems in various topics.  These can range from writing letters, to solving puzzles, to working together for make spelling words.  Although this is not exactly following the principles of constructivism, the children are able to make their own discoveries through learning and collaborating with one another.  Being that it was toward the end of the school year, I did not get to observe the students in action during much of their class time, but Mrs. A did express to me the need for children this age to interact with one another and make discoveries and learn through play.  

Constructivism, is it for you?

I was recently given the assignment in class to work with a group of my peers and create a power point presentation highlighting the constructivism movement in education and presenting to a "board" for review.  Our goal was to try to convince the "board" to adopt our project of introducing constructivist views into the classroom.  So you may be asking yourself what is constructivism??  Well, the constructivist approach is defined as the "view that emphasizes the active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information" (Woolfolk, 2013, p. G- 3).   Essentially, in constructivism, you allow the learner to discover the information.  It is very different than direct instruction and has the learner finding out and discovering new knowledge and ideas.  To learn more about constructivism check out our powerpoint!


 

References

Woolfolk, A. (2013).  Educational Psychology (12th ed.).  Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. 

Testing my Audio learning skills

For this assignment, I had to listen to several podcasts by Dr Woolfolk and create a summary about five of them.  I enjoyed this assignment because listening to the podcasts was a different way to learn the information rather than just reading the textbook.  In the podcasts she highlights some important details from some of the clusters and clarifies what may have been some confusing topics.  By clicking on the name of the podcast, you will be directed to the link so you can listen yourself!

Podcast 5 - Negative Reinforcement

In this podcast Anita Woolfolk clarifies the concepts of both positive and negative reinforcement, and punishment.  First, Woolfolk discusses the definition of a reinforcer as anything that causes a behavior to continue occurring, or to get stronger.  Therefore, whenever a behavior gets stronger or more frequent, reinforcement is happening.  There are two types of reinforcers that encourage behavior and they can be categorized into positive, or negative reinforcement.  A positive reinforcer is something that is added after the behavior and causes the behavior to keep occurring.  A positive reinforcer is something you would work to get.  A negative reinforcer is something that is rewarded for making something that is negative or unpleasant go away.  When the behavior causes something unpleasant to be removed, it is termed negative reinforcement.  A negative reinforcer is something someone will work to avoid.  Punishment, on the other hand, leads to a decrease in behavior.  A punishment will decrease, or end a behavior.

Podcast 8 - Sources of Self-Efficacy

In this podcast Anita Woolfolk discusses why self-efficacy matters for learning, and ways to improve self-efficacy.  Self-efficacy influences motivation and the choices we make.  Greater efficacy leads to greater effort when facing setbacks.  Those with higher self-efficacy will often do better, score higher, and tend to learn more.  When someone has low self-efficacy, they may give up when faced with a challenge.  There are four sources of self-efficacy as identified by Albert Bandura, with the biggest source being a person’s past successes and failures.  Another source is seeing another’s success and failures.  The third source would be criticism or encouragement from others, or social persuasion.  Social persuasion could help to counteract self doubts.  The fourth source of efficacy would be a person’s emotions, stresses, or anxieties that a person feels.  The interpretation of one’s emotional feelings can increase or decrease self-efficacy.  Mastery of a task is the most important source of self-efficacy for most people.  Teacher’s should support self-efficacy in the classroom to give everyone a chance to work at something and then succeed, therefore, building self confidence.  

Podcast 11 - Cooperative Learning

In this podcast Anita Woolfolk discusses different learning strategies that let students learn together.  In cooperative learning student must work together, depend on each other, and work in a team.  Some people emphasize the motivational aspects of working together to achieve a common goal by creating dependability on each member of the group.  Additionally, cooperative learning allows students to explain and elaborate on their ideas.  Cooperative groups also allow group members to be challenged, feel disequilibrium, and strive to improve and expand their understanding.  She also discusses the idea of  productive dialogue as a type dialogue that allows for interpreting and explaining.  Certain teaching goals work better with cooperative learning and teacher’s need to watch and listen to make sure that groups are participating and working together.  Cooperative learning also allows for the students to become the teachers, therefore, enhancing and deepening their learning and knowledge.      

Podcast 12- Beliefs about Classroom Management

In this podcast Anita Woolfolk discusses classroom management, which is one of the most concerning topics for beginning teachers.  It is proven that students in orderly classrooms with minimal distractions often learn more.  Researchers visited classrooms from the first few days of school and observed what the teacher’s did and how they began their class from day one.  They also observed the same classrooms later on in the school year to see what the teacher’s did that worked.  Three qualities that define a good teacher according to students is a teacher who is caring, uses authority, provides structure, and allows for creativity.  Students value a set of rules that allow for structure and consistency, as well as being given the ability to make choices.  Teacher’s want their students to earn their respect and earn their caring, often teachers feel pressure especially when it comes to improving test scores.  Therefore, it is important to maintain a sense of balance in the classroom.  Students need to learn to become independent thinkers and learners, but also need a set of rules, organization, and a role model.

Podcast 14 - Test Taking Skills

In this podcast Anita Woolfolk discusses test taking skills and how anxiety can interfere with learning and taking tests.  One of the best ways to deal with anxiety is through making test taking strategies and studying.  Woolfolk suggests that before the test it is important to attend class, read the material, and complete the assignments. She stresses the importance of getting a good night's sleep before the test, arriving early, and getting a comfortable seat.  Finally, it is important to make sure you bring everything you will need to take the test.  Once you’re in the test, keep a positive attitude and manage your time.  Now what you do after the test?  Be sure to check to make sure it was graded correctly and analyze your test, make notes on your incorrect answers, and save the test to study for further tests.  These are all good strategies to help reduce test anxiety.   

Saturday, June 7, 2014

Field Work Reflections



Field Work Reflections

For field work I chose to work with a second grade teacher.  For the purpose of my fieldwork report, I shall refer to her as Mrs. A

Interview with a teacher:

1.    What effective teaching principles do you follow to reach every child in your classroom?

The teacher that I worked with for fieldwork uses the responsive classroom model in her classroom.  Together, the students and her build a community in which learning can take place in a safe and comfortable environment.  They start each morning with a morning meeting, where there is a sharing of experiences, classroom discussions on important topics and songs.  The teacher indicated that getting to know her students first as individuals helps her to reach all of their needs academically, socially, and emotionally.

2.    What latest research are you referring to in your teaching design?

Mrs. A indicated that she follows the NYS Common Core Standards in her classroom.  She has read about and attended many workshops about ELA and math to ensure that the standards are being maintained in her class.  Additionally, she uses a reader’s workshop and writer’s workshop model in her class to engage her students in supplemental reading and writing activities.  She also still uses the Harcourt reading series.  In the reading and writing workshops the students are able to practice their reading and writing skills in a practical and enjoyable way.

3.    In what way does research on effective teaching empower your continued learning process?

Mrs. A indicated that she continually looks for workshops to attend to continue her learning process as a teacher through the mid Hudson teacher’s center or BOCES.  She also reads articles about new practices, especially responsive classroom ideas, discipline, and common core information.  She notes that it is important for teachers to receive continuing education on effect teaching methods in order to help all students.  

Observe a classroom and discuss with the teacher how he or she is using the child development characteristics in his or her lesson planning and teaching.  

In Mrs. A’s classroom she is a strong believe in allowing children to learn through plan and to work in small groups.  She has centers in which the children can work together to learn from one another and develop socially through interactions with their peers.  She also follows differentiated instruction as she bases her reading groups according to the student’s needs so she can better reach each student in her classroom.  Mrs. A also models to her students what is expected of them and provides examples so each student has a chance to see what is expected and ask questions for clarification. 

Interview three to five people asking them to name three characteristics of intelligent people. 

Check out my powerpoint presentation to see the four different people's thoughts on intelligence!  


Source: mrmalbon.com

Observe the classroom paying attention to the individual needs of the students.
Mrs. A pays attention to the individual needs of her students.  There is a child in her class who has ADHD and he gets a one-to-one during test taking to help him stay focused and on task.  She also has some students in her classroom who attend resource room for additional help in math.  Mrs. A also checks the in class work for some student who struggle.  She helps them to see their mistakes in the work and how to correct it and come to the right answer.  In this way, she is able to see who needs more help to master a topic.

Observe a classroom paying attention to the diverse learners in the classroom and how the teacher accommodates their learning during the lesson.

Mrs. A uses differentiated instruction to make sure she reaches each one of her students.  The reading groups are composed on students who are at the same need.  This way, she can work more with the groups that need additional help, but can also challenge the groups who are more advanced.  She also has different expectations for the work that is completed.  During mathematics, there is a push in TA who works with some of the lower students to help them grasp the concepts.  She also provides programs on the computer, such as IXcel, as enrichment activities for those students who are more advanced in their learning. 
  

Observe a classroom and not each time an incident of learning occurs.
I observed an incident of learning in Mrs. A’s class.  This incident was not one of academics, but of personal development.  Mrs. A uses a type of token economy system in which children are rewarded for good behavior and for completed extra homework assignments.  One little girl would take two coupons each time she was instructed to get one coupon.  When it came time to hand in her sheet with the coupons attached, she had the most out of the whole class.  Mrs. A spoke with the little girl and asked her how this could be.  She explained that if you are honest with yourself it will make you feel better.  The little girl eventually confessed that she had been taking two tokens each time she was instructed to take one.  This was an incident in learning about stealing and honesty.  Mrs. A discussed with the little girl why this behavior was wrong.  



Observe a classroom and note if and how a teacher uses reinforcement (positive/negative) and if he or she uses punishment.  

Mrs. A gives a lot of praise in her classroom for good behavior.  She also has a few behavioral techniques that she utilizes.  First, the class as a whole has a marble jar.  They can get a marble for having good behavior as a class.  If they get 25 marbles, they can vote on a party to have or a movie to watch.  

Mrs. A also uses Lee Canters Assertive Discipline system.  This is a system for good behavior.  There is calendar for each month and a child is able to add a coupon to their calendar for good behavior and doing extra homework.  At the end of the month, Mrs. A averages out the number of coupons and those students with that amount or more are able to pick prize from the toy box.  

Mrs. A also has a system for negative behavior.  She as a card system in which the first card is a warning, the second is a warning, the third is a letter home, and the fourth is a trip to the principal’s office.  The card system gets reset each day so at the end of teach day the child starts with a clean slate.